2008年11月5日 星期三
Wiley InterScience :: JOURNALS :: The Modern Language Journal
Wiley InterScience :: JOURNALS :: The Modern Language Journal
Advanced Language Learning: The Contribution of Halliday and Vygotsky Edited
Advanced Language Learning: The Contribution of Halliday and Vygotsky Edited
巴赫金超语言学理论的重新语境化及其在书面新闻语篇分析中的�
巴赫金超语言学理论的重新语境化及其在书面新闻语篇分析中的�
内容摘要本文试图对巴赫金的超语言学思想做出相对系统的阐述，并将之置入当代语言学理论(尤其是篇章语言学)所构成的背景中重新予以阐释(或日重新语境化(recontextualize))，旨在借鉴已有的理论和应用成果，建立一个以语言学为取向的对话性分析框架(linguistically-oriented analytical framework)。与此同时，以事实性(factuality)和虚构性(fictionality)为基准将硬新闻语篇与小说语篇看成一个连续体(continuum)的两端，并利用超语言学理论对硬新闻语篇的对话性进行解读，以期扩大以对话性思想为核心的超语言学在理论与应用上的解释力与覆盖面。在当代语言学理论中，Halliday的系统功能语言学能够起到填补巴赫金超语言学和纯语言学研究之间空白地带的作用。因此，以系统功能语言学理论为基础对巴赫金超语言学的对话性分析框架进行适当的发展，并重点对声音(voice)、表述(utterance)以及对话关系(dialogic relationship)这三个关键概念做出特定的阐述。以语言学为取向的语篇对话性分析意味着在分析过程中存在着理论指导下自上而下的观察和基于具体语言描述的自下而上的阐释这一双向活动，因此，在进行具体语篇分析之前，有必要对在语篇中能够标引出异质性声音(alien voice)的语言资源进行相对系统的描述。在此基础上，通过对英国出版的《星期日电讯报》(ThP Sunday Telegraph)的两个头版硬新闻语篇的分析，验证了重新语境化后的对话性分析框架的可操作性，同时也通过对话性分析揭示了硬新闻语篇产制过程中所承诺的客观性和中立性原则的“虚构性(fictional)”本质。对新闻语篇进行对话性解读的现实意义在于，对话性分析作为一种批评性阅读策略对于培养公民“批评性读写能力(critical literacy)”具有不可低估的作用，而这种批评性能力有助于公众有效地应对当下由资本与权力共同制造并以合法化、惯习化的意识形态产品形式所推行的全面控制。
全文目录文摘英文文摘论文说明：List of Tables & Figures、Abbreviations & Notational Conventions声明AcknowledgementsIntroductionChapter 1 Bakhtins Translinguistics1.1 Bakhtins understanding of language1.1.1 Language, sign, consciousness and ideology1.1.2 The object of language-study1.2 Bakhtins translinguistics1.2.1 Discourse, text and utterance1.2.2 Utterance, context and speech genres1.3 Translinguistics and textual analysis1.3.1 Discourse, text and utterance in contemporary linguistics1.3.2 Discourse, text and utterance in the present thesis1.3.3 Bakhtins translinguistics and textual analysis1.4 SummaryChapter 2 The Compatibility between Translinguistics and Hallidayan SFL2.1 Non-Aristotelian philosophical tradition2.2 Translinguistics and SFL: context, function, register and genre2.2.1 Context of situation: Bakhtin, Malinowski and Halliday2.2.2 Linguistic functions: Bühler, Bakhtin and Halliday2.2.3 Register and genre: Bakhtin, Halliday and Martin2.3 Instantiation and realization: SFL bridging translinguistics and linguistics2.4 A double-oriented functional model of textual analysis2.4.1 A theory-driven top-down dialogic look at text2.4.2 A data-driven bottom-up linguistic look at text2.5 SummaryChapter 3 Modeling Dialogicity on Hallidayan SFL3.1 Bakhtins idea of textual dialogicity3.1.1 Dialogue, dialogicity and dialogism3.1.2 The mode of dialogicity3.1.3 Problems with Bakhtins mode of textual dialogicity3.2 Recontextualizing Bakhtinian dialogicity in the context of Hallidayan SFL and the postmodern theories3.2.1 From subject and utterance to voice: participant of textual dialogue3.2.2 The dialogic relationship between voices3.2.3 Dialogic markers in the text3.2.4 Functions of dialogic relationships in the text3.3 SummaryChapter 4 Dialogic Markers in Print News of English4.1 Voice, difference, and source in news text4.2 Dialogic markers of speech reporting in news text4.2.1 Speech reporting: a fundamental feature of human language4.2.2 News text: report about others words4.2.3 Bakhtins understanding of speech reporting4.2.4 Dialogic markers in speech reporting4.3 Modality as dialogic markers in news text4.3.1 Modality and dialogicity4.3.2 Modality resources as dialogic markers4.4 Conjunction resources as dialogic markers in news text4.5 Negatives as dialogic markers in news text4.6 SummaryChapter 5 Dialogic Interactions in Print News of English5.1 The dialogic relations in print news5.2 Genres and social functions of print news5.3 A dialogic analysis of hard news text (1)5.3.1 The distribution of different voices in hard news text (1)5.3.2 The interactions among the foreign voices in hard news text (1)5.3.3. Framing: the reporters voice taking foreign voices under its control5.4 A dialogic analysis of hard news text (2)5.4.1 The distribution of different voices in hard news text (2)5.4.2 Evaluation as sides-taking5.4.3 Sides-taking through ventriloquation5.5 SummaryConclusionReferences
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内容摘要本文试图对巴赫金的超语言学思想做出相对系统的阐述，并将之置入当代语言学理论(尤其是篇章语言学)所构成的背景中重新予以阐释(或日重新语境化(recontextualize))，旨在借鉴已有的理论和应用成果，建立一个以语言学为取向的对话性分析框架(linguistically-oriented analytical framework)。与此同时，以事实性(factuality)和虚构性(fictionality)为基准将硬新闻语篇与小说语篇看成一个连续体(continuum)的两端，并利用超语言学理论对硬新闻语篇的对话性进行解读，以期扩大以对话性思想为核心的超语言学在理论与应用上的解释力与覆盖面。在当代语言学理论中，Halliday的系统功能语言学能够起到填补巴赫金超语言学和纯语言学研究之间空白地带的作用。因此，以系统功能语言学理论为基础对巴赫金超语言学的对话性分析框架进行适当的发展，并重点对声音(voice)、表述(utterance)以及对话关系(dialogic relationship)这三个关键概念做出特定的阐述。以语言学为取向的语篇对话性分析意味着在分析过程中存在着理论指导下自上而下的观察和基于具体语言描述的自下而上的阐释这一双向活动，因此，在进行具体语篇分析之前，有必要对在语篇中能够标引出异质性声音(alien voice)的语言资源进行相对系统的描述。在此基础上，通过对英国出版的《星期日电讯报》(ThP Sunday Telegraph)的两个头版硬新闻语篇的分析，验证了重新语境化后的对话性分析框架的可操作性，同时也通过对话性分析揭示了硬新闻语篇产制过程中所承诺的客观性和中立性原则的“虚构性(fictional)”本质。对新闻语篇进行对话性解读的现实意义在于，对话性分析作为一种批评性阅读策略对于培养公民“批评性读写能力(critical literacy)”具有不可低估的作用，而这种批评性能力有助于公众有效地应对当下由资本与权力共同制造并以合法化、惯习化的意识形态产品形式所推行的全面控制。
全文目录文摘英文文摘论文说明：List of Tables & Figures、Abbreviations & Notational Conventions声明AcknowledgementsIntroductionChapter 1 Bakhtins Translinguistics1.1 Bakhtins understanding of language1.1.1 Language, sign, consciousness and ideology1.1.2 The object of language-study1.2 Bakhtins translinguistics1.2.1 Discourse, text and utterance1.2.2 Utterance, context and speech genres1.3 Translinguistics and textual analysis1.3.1 Discourse, text and utterance in contemporary linguistics1.3.2 Discourse, text and utterance in the present thesis1.3.3 Bakhtins translinguistics and textual analysis1.4 SummaryChapter 2 The Compatibility between Translinguistics and Hallidayan SFL2.1 Non-Aristotelian philosophical tradition2.2 Translinguistics and SFL: context, function, register and genre2.2.1 Context of situation: Bakhtin, Malinowski and Halliday2.2.2 Linguistic functions: Bühler, Bakhtin and Halliday2.2.3 Register and genre: Bakhtin, Halliday and Martin2.3 Instantiation and realization: SFL bridging translinguistics and linguistics2.4 A double-oriented functional model of textual analysis2.4.1 A theory-driven top-down dialogic look at text2.4.2 A data-driven bottom-up linguistic look at text2.5 SummaryChapter 3 Modeling Dialogicity on Hallidayan SFL3.1 Bakhtins idea of textual dialogicity3.1.1 Dialogue, dialogicity and dialogism3.1.2 The mode of dialogicity3.1.3 Problems with Bakhtins mode of textual dialogicity3.2 Recontextualizing Bakhtinian dialogicity in the context of Hallidayan SFL and the postmodern theories3.2.1 From subject and utterance to voice: participant of textual dialogue3.2.2 The dialogic relationship between voices3.2.3 Dialogic markers in the text3.2.4 Functions of dialogic relationships in the text3.3 SummaryChapter 4 Dialogic Markers in Print News of English4.1 Voice, difference, and source in news text4.2 Dialogic markers of speech reporting in news text4.2.1 Speech reporting: a fundamental feature of human language4.2.2 News text: report about others words4.2.3 Bakhtins understanding of speech reporting4.2.4 Dialogic markers in speech reporting4.3 Modality as dialogic markers in news text4.3.1 Modality and dialogicity4.3.2 Modality resources as dialogic markers4.4 Conjunction resources as dialogic markers in news text4.5 Negatives as dialogic markers in news text4.6 SummaryChapter 5 Dialogic Interactions in Print News of English5.1 The dialogic relations in print news5.2 Genres and social functions of print news5.3 A dialogic analysis of hard news text (1)5.3.1 The distribution of different voices in hard news text (1)5.3.2 The interactions among the foreign voices in hard news text (1)5.3.3. Framing: the reporters voice taking foreign voices under its control5.4 A dialogic analysis of hard news text (2)5.4.1 The distribution of different voices in hard news text (2)5.4.2 Evaluation as sides-taking5.4.3 Sides-taking through ventriloquation5.5 SummaryConclusionReferences
相关论文
利用互联网开展对外汉语教学研究,H09 G434
隋以前汉译佛经中的复音连词研究,H042
“V〈,1〉也V〈,1〉P”结构的多角度研究,H043 H109.4
《战国策》言语表达的句内考察,H052 H043
“有+VP”格式研究,H043
《说文解字》纺织服用词汇的文化阐释,H042 H028
非对举性的“N不N”格式研究,H043 H07
《助语辞》研究,H042
“出来”与宾语同现情况的系统考察,H043
从对《纽约时报》新年社论取样比较研究看美国报刊社论的文体特征,G212.2(712)
中国体育新闻报道娱乐化态势解析,G212.2
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当前深度报道中社会公正主题研究,G212.2
经济新闻写作的多维视角研究,G212.2
关于负面信息报道的理论思考,G212.2
论党报和大众化报纸社论的写作,G212.2
从新华社新闻分析中国农民工报道的演变,G212.2 G219.22
英汉隐喻操作认知分析,H05
On the Speech Act of Apology in Chinese,H08
《红楼梦》中指示语的翻译,H059
An Analysis of Cultural Forces and Cultural Components in International Business,G05
A.D.Hope:The Prophet in the Desert,I611.06
On the Power and Colonial Themes of The Tempest,I561.07
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Special Feature: A Language-Based Approach for Creating a Human Brain - RIKEN BSI News No. 25 (Aug. 2004) - RIKEN Brain Science Institute (RIKEN BSI)
Special Feature: A Language-Based Approach for Creating a Human Brain - RIKEN BSI News No. 25 (Aug. 2004) - RIKEN Brain Science Institute (RIKEN BSI)
Introduction
Using language as a foundation, the Laboratory for Language-Based Intelligent Systems is developing an artificial system that emulates human intelligence. Language is integral for human intelligence, therefore a language- based approach should be incorporated into any attempt to create a model of the human brain. Such an approach would necessarily be topdown because we still do not know how higher order functions of language are supported at the neuronal level. Moreover, a language-based approach allows us to observe internal characteristics of the brain's language system externally.
Introduction
Using language as a foundation, the Laboratory for Language-Based Intelligent Systems is developing an artificial system that emulates human intelligence. Language is integral for human intelligence, therefore a language- based approach should be incorporated into any attempt to create a model of the human brain. Such an approach would necessarily be topdown because we still do not know how higher order functions of language are supported at the neuronal level. Moreover, a language-based approach allows us to observe internal characteristics of the brain's language system externally.
2008年10月16日 星期四
DBPIA - Mi-Lim Ryoo(류미림) 저, Metadiscourse in Computer-mediated Communication in a Culturally Diverse Group
DBPIA - Mi-Lim Ryoo(류미림) 저, Metadiscourse in Computer-mediated Communication in a Culturally Diverse Group: "The present study attempts to shed light on meta discourse (textual context) in computer-mediated communication (CMC). The purpose of the study is to explore how one constructs metadiscourse in CMC, what roles metadiscourse plays in a text, and whether people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds construct metadiscourse in CMC differently. In tackling these matters, the study analyzes the data from a Usenet discussion group in which the members of the group were ethnically diverse. The descriptive framework adopted for this study is Halliday's metafunction analysis of language in relation to metadiscourse. In order to observe participants' ethnic differences in formulating texts in CMC, a comparative analysis of each participant's messages is implemented with type/token ratios and the use of pronouns, modalities, frame markers, sentence length, and paralinguistic devices, namely metadiscourse markers. The findings include: NSs use more function words in a sentence than NNSs do; NSs employ modals more diversely and frequently than do NNSs; NSs construct the text to be more 'reader-friendly' and informal using alternatives like emotions, than do NNSs; finally, NSs' CMC discourse style is similar to spoken discourse rather than written, whereas NNSs' shows a typical written discourse."
SpringerLink - 期刊文章
SpringerLink - 期刊文章: "The recent trend in institutional communication research seems to foster the image of the University as a private organization significantly oriented towards a policy of customer satisfaction. Following the concept of organizational culture, institutional settings too are conceived as organizational contexts, where discourse is a privileged vehicle to convey and spread values, traditions and artifacts, both through internal and external communication practices. Thus, within academic discourse organizational culture is shaped and perpetuated by specific devices of rhetorical argumentation. The corpus of data consists of two different examples of academic discourse: the self promotional endorsement letters of the academic candidates to the chancellor’s position on occasion of the elections and the inaugural speeches proclaimed by the chancellors in charge during the opening celebration of the academic year. The first kind of academic discourse could be meant as an example of political discourse since the candidates use communication strategically and manipulate their academic membership as a rhetorical device to support their aims. On the other hand, the second example is a mere celebration of academic culture which through linguistic rituals recalls and perpetuates the basic values of this microcosm. The data have been analysed with the critical discourse analysis and diatextual analysis which pay particular attention to the context of speech. Moreover, attention has been focused on the metaphors and on the meta-discursive cues. The results show that although with different purposes academic discourse use similar discursive and rhetorical strategies as both belong to the same organization."
ScienceDirect - English for Specific Purposes : The use of higher level metatext in Ph.D theses
ScienceDirect - English for Specific Purposes : The use of higher level metatext in Ph.D theses: "This article investigates the way in which 13 Hong Kong research students use metatext to orient and guide their readers through their Ph.D theses. It uses a corpus of over 3000 pages and 0.6 million words. It proposes that the level of metatextual references can be determined by their scope (i.e. the amount of text referred to) and by the distance over which they operate. It argues that higher level metatextual references (i.e. referring to larger amounts of text or operating over greater distances) play a more powerful role in text cohesion and coherence than lower level ones (i.e. referring to smaller amounts of text or operating over shorter distances), especially in long texts.
The article reports on the extent to which the 13 Ph.D writers use higher level metatext, at chapter or thesis levels, keeping the reader in touch with how the current subject matter relates to the text as a whole. It finds that there is considerable variation in the proportion of each thesis that is taken up with chapter and thesis level metatext, ranging from 2–16.5%, and some inconsistency in the way student writers use it, particularly at chapter level."
The article reports on the extent to which the 13 Ph.D writers use higher level metatext, at chapter or thesis levels, keeping the reader in touch with how the current subject matter relates to the text as a whole. It finds that there is considerable variation in the proportion of each thesis that is taken up with chapter and thesis level metatext, ranging from 2–16.5%, and some inconsistency in the way student writers use it, particularly at chapter level."
ScienceDirect - Journal of Pragmatics : Persuasion and advertising English: Metadiscourse in slogans and headlines*1
ScienceDirect - Journal of Pragmatics : Persuasion and advertising English: Metadiscourse in slogans and headlines*1: "Metadiscourse plays a vital role both in organising the discourse and in engaging the audience, thus becoming an important aspect of persuasive writing. Assuming that metadiscourse is context-dependent and that it is linked to the norms and expectations of a particular setting and genre, this article studies the metadiscourse devices typically used by copywriters to construct their slogans and/or headlines. Our analysis starts from the assumption that advertising English should be represented as a continuum of text functions fluctuating between ‘informing’ and ‘manipulating’ in accordance with the idea that advertising is an example of covert communication. Examples selected from a typical women's magazine show that both textual and interpersonal metadiscourse help copywriters to convey a persuasive message under an informative mask."
ScienceDirect - Journal of Pragmatics : Persuasion and context: The pragmatics of academic metadiscourse
ScienceDirect - Journal of Pragmatics : Persuasion and context: The pragmatics of academic metadiscourse: "Metadiscourse refers to aspects of a text which explicitly organise the discourse, engage the audience and signal the writer's attitude. Its use by writers to guide readers and display an appropriate professional persona is an important aspect of persuasive writing. Its role in establishing and maintaining contact between the writer and the reader and between the writer and the message also makes it a central pragmatic concept. Based on a textual analysis of 28 research articles in four academic disciplines, this paper seeks to show how the appropriate use of metadiscourse crucially depends on rhetorical context. The study identifies a taxonomy of metadiscourse functions and suggests that metadiscourse reflects one way in which context and linguistic meaning are integrated to allow readers to derive intended interpretations. It is argued that metadiscourse provides writers with a means of constructing appropriate contexts and alluding to shared disciplinary assumptions. The study of academic metadiscourse can therefore offer insights into our understanding of this concept and illuminate an important dimension of rhetorical variation among disciplinary communities."
Reading in a Foreign Language: Metadiscourse and ESP reading comprehension: An exploratory study
Reading in a Foreign Language: Metadiscourse and ESP reading comprehension: An exploratory study
Recent trends in the study of written texts reflect a growing interest in interaction between readers and writers. Several studies have focused on metadiscourse as an important interactive feature that is believed to facilitate the reading process. While several authors have studied metadiscourse from the descriptive and contrastive perspectives, there is a lack of experimental work on this topic. This paper describes exploratory classroom research with a group of Italian university students to gain further insight into the effect of metadiscourse on ESP reading comprehension. Two groups of students read selected extracts from two versions of the same text differing according to quantity and type of metadiscourse. Each group then took a reading comprehension test and their mean scores were compared. The findings suggest that a more pronounced use of metadiscourse may be associated with improved comprehension in some cases. A post-reading questionnaire showed that students had substantially no awareness of metadiscourse. The results provide useful indications for further research and also highlight the need for targeted instruction on metadiscourse in ESP reading courses.
Recent trends in the study of written texts reflect a growing interest in interaction between readers and writers. Several studies have focused on metadiscourse as an important interactive feature that is believed to facilitate the reading process. While several authors have studied metadiscourse from the descriptive and contrastive perspectives, there is a lack of experimental work on this topic. This paper describes exploratory classroom research with a group of Italian university students to gain further insight into the effect of metadiscourse on ESP reading comprehension. Two groups of students read selected extracts from two versions of the same text differing according to quantity and type of metadiscourse. Each group then took a reading comprehension test and their mean scores were compared. The findings suggest that a more pronounced use of metadiscourse may be associated with improved comprehension in some cases. A post-reading questionnaire showed that students had substantially no awareness of metadiscourse. The results provide useful indications for further research and also highlight the need for targeted instruction on metadiscourse in ESP reading courses.
DBPIA - Mi-Lim Ryoo(류미림) 저, Metadiscourse in Computer-mediated Communication in a Culturally Diverse Group
DBPIA - Mi-Lim Ryoo(류미림) 저, Metadiscourse in Computer-mediated Communication in a Culturally Diverse Group
The present study attempts to shed light on meta discourse (textual context) in computer-mediated communication (CMC). The purpose of the study is to explore how one constructs metadiscourse in CMC, what roles metadiscourse plays in a text, and whether people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds construct metadiscourse in CMC differently. In tackling these matters, the study analyzes the data from a Usenet discussion group in which the members of the group were ethnically diverse. The descriptive framework adopted for this study is Halliday's metafunction analysis of language in relation to metadiscourse. In order to observe participants' ethnic differences in formulating texts in CMC, a comparative analysis of each participant's messages is implemented with type/token ratios and the use of pronouns, modalities, frame markers, sentence length, and paralinguistic devices, namely metadiscourse markers. The findings include: NSs use more function words in a sentence than NNSs do; NSs employ modals more diversely and frequently than do NNSs; NSs construct the text to be more "reader-friendly" and informal using alternatives like emotions, than do NNSs; finally, NSs' CMC discourse style is similar to spoken discourse rather than written, whereas NNSs' shows a typical written discourse.
The present study attempts to shed light on meta discourse (textual context) in computer-mediated communication (CMC). The purpose of the study is to explore how one constructs metadiscourse in CMC, what roles metadiscourse plays in a text, and whether people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds construct metadiscourse in CMC differently. In tackling these matters, the study analyzes the data from a Usenet discussion group in which the members of the group were ethnically diverse. The descriptive framework adopted for this study is Halliday's metafunction analysis of language in relation to metadiscourse. In order to observe participants' ethnic differences in formulating texts in CMC, a comparative analysis of each participant's messages is implemented with type/token ratios and the use of pronouns, modalities, frame markers, sentence length, and paralinguistic devices, namely metadiscourse markers. The findings include: NSs use more function words in a sentence than NNSs do; NSs employ modals more diversely and frequently than do NNSs; NSs construct the text to be more "reader-friendly" and informal using alternatives like emotions, than do NNSs; finally, NSs' CMC discourse style is similar to spoken discourse rather than written, whereas NNSs' shows a typical written discourse.
2008年10月6日 星期一
JSTOR: Sociology of EducationVol. 76, No. 3 (Jul., 2003), pp. 193-208
JSTOR: Sociology of EducationVol. 76, No. 3 (Jul., 2003), pp. 193-208
Children's Word Play: Resisting and accommodating Confucian values in a Taiwanese kindergarten classroom
Children's Word Play: Resisting and accommodating Confucian values in a Taiwanese kindergarten classroom
ScienceDirect - English for Specific Purposes : Discourse strategies of Italian and English sales promotion letters
ScienceDirect - English for Specific Purposes : Discourse strategies of Italian and English sales promotion letters
This article describes a contrastive study on rhetorical differences between Italian and English sales promotion letters. It is assumed that cultural differences affect discourse genres traditionally considered as standardized, ritual or even formulaic, written business communication being a case in point. It was our goal to investigate how information is presented and what rhetorical strategies are used in order to obtain compliance by a given readership in a given culture. To answer these questions of an essentially pragmatic and ethnolinguistic nature, research focused on analyzing contrastively a corpus of authentic Italian and English business letters. Of course, within the genre ‘business letter’ it is possible to distinguish sub-genres or repertoires (chasing money, requesting, offering, sales promotion, etc.). The letters in the corpus were classified according to these repertoires, defined on the basis of their prototypical discourse features as well as the specific social action within the business organization that they were meant to perform. Once classified, they were analysed according to two criteria. At the macro-textual level the analysis focused on rhetorical structure, mainly drawing on the notion of move. At the micro textual level the analysis concentrated on the pragmatic use of mood, modality, reference system and metadiscourse. This paper, in reporting the findings of the research project, will focus on the cultural preferences that Italian and English writers show—both at the macro- and micro-textual level—when engaged in sales promotion letter writing. It will be shown that there are differences in the ways in which discourse patterns are organized as well as in the use of mood and modality for the expression of politeness.
This article describes a contrastive study on rhetorical differences between Italian and English sales promotion letters. It is assumed that cultural differences affect discourse genres traditionally considered as standardized, ritual or even formulaic, written business communication being a case in point. It was our goal to investigate how information is presented and what rhetorical strategies are used in order to obtain compliance by a given readership in a given culture. To answer these questions of an essentially pragmatic and ethnolinguistic nature, research focused on analyzing contrastively a corpus of authentic Italian and English business letters. Of course, within the genre ‘business letter’ it is possible to distinguish sub-genres or repertoires (chasing money, requesting, offering, sales promotion, etc.). The letters in the corpus were classified according to these repertoires, defined on the basis of their prototypical discourse features as well as the specific social action within the business organization that they were meant to perform. Once classified, they were analysed according to two criteria. At the macro-textual level the analysis focused on rhetorical structure, mainly drawing on the notion of move. At the micro textual level the analysis concentrated on the pragmatic use of mood, modality, reference system and metadiscourse. This paper, in reporting the findings of the research project, will focus on the cultural preferences that Italian and English writers show—both at the macro- and micro-textual level—when engaged in sales promotion letter writing. It will be shown that there are differences in the ways in which discourse patterns are organized as well as in the use of mood and modality for the expression of politeness.
ScienceDirect - English for Specific Purposes : Discourse strategies of Italian and English sales promotion letters
ScienceDirect - English for Specific Purposes : Discourse strategies of Italian and English sales promotion letters
This article describes a contrastive study on rhetorical differences between Italian and English sales promotion letters. It is assumed that cultural differences affect discourse genres traditionally considered as standardized, ritual or even formulaic, written business communication being a case in point. It was our goal to investigate how information is presented and what rhetorical strategies are used in order to obtain compliance by a given readership in a given culture. To answer these questions of an essentially pragmatic and ethnolinguistic nature, research focused on analyzing contrastively a corpus of authentic Italian and English business letters. Of course, within the genre ‘business letter’ it is possible to distinguish sub-genres or repertoires (chasing money, requesting, offering, sales promotion, etc.). The letters in the corpus were classified according to these repertoires, defined on the basis of their prototypical discourse features as well as the specific social action within the business organization that they were meant to perform. Once classified, they were analysed according to two criteria. At the macro-textual level the analysis focused on rhetorical structure, mainly drawing on the notion of move. At the micro textual level the analysis concentrated on the pragmatic use of mood, modality, reference system and metadiscourse. This paper, in reporting the findings of the research project, will focus on the cultural preferences that Italian and English writers show—both at the macro- and micro-textual level—when engaged in sales promotion letter writing. It will be shown that there are differences in the ways in which discourse patterns are organized as well as in the use of mood and modality for the expression of politeness.
This article describes a contrastive study on rhetorical differences between Italian and English sales promotion letters. It is assumed that cultural differences affect discourse genres traditionally considered as standardized, ritual or even formulaic, written business communication being a case in point. It was our goal to investigate how information is presented and what rhetorical strategies are used in order to obtain compliance by a given readership in a given culture. To answer these questions of an essentially pragmatic and ethnolinguistic nature, research focused on analyzing contrastively a corpus of authentic Italian and English business letters. Of course, within the genre ‘business letter’ it is possible to distinguish sub-genres or repertoires (chasing money, requesting, offering, sales promotion, etc.). The letters in the corpus were classified according to these repertoires, defined on the basis of their prototypical discourse features as well as the specific social action within the business organization that they were meant to perform. Once classified, they were analysed according to two criteria. At the macro-textual level the analysis focused on rhetorical structure, mainly drawing on the notion of move. At the micro textual level the analysis concentrated on the pragmatic use of mood, modality, reference system and metadiscourse. This paper, in reporting the findings of the research project, will focus on the cultural preferences that Italian and English writers show—both at the macro- and micro-textual level—when engaged in sales promotion letter writing. It will be shown that there are differences in the ways in which discourse patterns are organized as well as in the use of mood and modality for the expression of politeness.
Writing Without Conviction? Hedging in Science Research Articles -- HYLAND 17 (4): 433 -- Applied Linguistics
Writing Without Conviction? Hedging in Science Research Articles -- HYLAND 17 (4): 433 -- Applied Linguistics
Writing Without Conviction? Hedging in Science Research Articles KEN HYLAND
English Department, City University of Hong Kong
Hedging is a well-documented feature of spoken discourse as a result of its role in qualifying categorical commitment and facilitating discussion Its use in academic writing has received less attention, however, and we know little about the functions it serves in different research fields and particular genres Hedging is a significant communicative resource for academics since it both confirms the individual's professional persona and represents a critical element in the rhetorical means of gaining acceptance of claims Hedges allow writers to anticipate possible opposition to claims by expressing statements with precision, caution, and diplomatic deference to the views of colleagues Based on a contextual analysis of 26 articles in molecular biology, this paper argues that hedging in scientific research writing cannot be fully understood in isolation from social and institutional contexts and suggests a pragmatic framework which reflects this interpretive environment
Writing Without Conviction? Hedging in Science Research Articles KEN HYLAND
English Department, City University of Hong Kong
Hedging is a well-documented feature of spoken discourse as a result of its role in qualifying categorical commitment and facilitating discussion Its use in academic writing has received less attention, however, and we know little about the functions it serves in different research fields and particular genres Hedging is a significant communicative resource for academics since it both confirms the individual's professional persona and represents a critical element in the rhetorical means of gaining acceptance of claims Hedges allow writers to anticipate possible opposition to claims by expressing statements with precision, caution, and diplomatic deference to the views of colleagues Based on a contextual analysis of 26 articles in molecular biology, this paper argues that hedging in scientific research writing cannot be fully understood in isolation from social and institutional contexts and suggests a pragmatic framework which reflects this interpretive environment
ScienceDirect - Journal of Pragmatics : Indirectness in L1 and L2 academic writing
ScienceDirect - Journal of Pragmatics : Indirectness in L1 and L2 academic writing:
"Abstract
Indirectness strategies and markers have been identified in written discourse in many languages, including English. However, in Anglo-American academic writing, explicit points and direct support are expected. In the view of specialists and ESL instructors alike, indirectness seems to characterize the writing of students raised in Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist societies. The reasons that non-native speaker (NNS) second language writing appears vague and indirect may lie in the specific and contextual uses of indirectness devices in English writing rather than in the fact that they are used. This study, based on corpus analysis, compares specific indirectness devices employed in native speaker (NS) and NNS student essays and focuses on NS and NNS uses of twenty-one rhetorical, lexical, referential (deictic), and syntactic indirectness devices. The results of the study indicate that speakers of Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Indonesian utilized rhetorical questions and tags, disclaimers and denials, vagueness and ambiguity, repetition, several types of hedges, ambiguous pronouns, and the passive voice in greater frequencies than NSs did. However, NSs and NNSs did not differ significantly in their use of other types of indirectness devices and markers, such as point of view distancing, downtoners, diminutives, discourse particles, and understatements, as well as nominalization and conditional tenses."
"Abstract
Indirectness strategies and markers have been identified in written discourse in many languages, including English. However, in Anglo-American academic writing, explicit points and direct support are expected. In the view of specialists and ESL instructors alike, indirectness seems to characterize the writing of students raised in Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist societies. The reasons that non-native speaker (NNS) second language writing appears vague and indirect may lie in the specific and contextual uses of indirectness devices in English writing rather than in the fact that they are used. This study, based on corpus analysis, compares specific indirectness devices employed in native speaker (NS) and NNS student essays and focuses on NS and NNS uses of twenty-one rhetorical, lexical, referential (deictic), and syntactic indirectness devices. The results of the study indicate that speakers of Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Indonesian utilized rhetorical questions and tags, disclaimers and denials, vagueness and ambiguity, repetition, several types of hedges, ambiguous pronouns, and the passive voice in greater frequencies than NSs did. However, NSs and NNSs did not differ significantly in their use of other types of indirectness devices and markers, such as point of view distancing, downtoners, diminutives, discourse particles, and understatements, as well as nominalization and conditional tenses."
Interpersonal metadiscourse: an indicator of interaction and identity -- Abdi 4 (2): 139 -- Discourse Studies
By using genre analysis, this study investigates the way writers use interpersonal metadiscourse to partly reveal their identity and examines their selected mode of interaction in two major academic fields: the social sciences (SS) and natural sciences (NS). A total of 55 academic research articles from the SS and NS were selected as the corpus of this study. A comparison of the two disciplines was made, based on the use of interpersonal metadiscourse through 'hedges', 'emphatics' and 'attitude markers'. The analysis showed that the SS writers employed interpersonal metadiscourse more frequently than the NS writers. One-to-one comparison further showed that they varied significantly in their use of hedges and attitude markers but there was little difference in their use of emphatics. However, the use of hedges and emphatics was significantly different within each discipline. A qualitative in-depth analysis revealed that the choice of validity markers was closely related to the type of article being studied.
Interpersonal metadiscourse: an indicator of interaction and identity -- Abdi 4 (2): 139 -- Discourse Studies
Interpersonal metadiscourse: an indicator of interaction and identity -- Abdi 4 (2): 139 -- Discourse Studies
The Role of Different Markers of Linguistic Powerlessness in Persuasion -- Blankenship and Holtgraves 24 (1): 3 -- Journal of Language and Social Psychology
This research examined the unique effects of different markers of linguistic powerlessness (hedges, hesitations, and tag questions) on persuasion. Participants read (Experiment 1) or listened to (Experiment 2) a communication advocating comprehensive exams. Under high message relevance, messages containing powerless markers resulted in less favorable attitudes and more negative perceptions of the message and source than did the control message. This effect occurred in both experiments and was a result of these markers lessening the impact of strong arguments; in Experiment 2, strong arguments were no more persuasive than weak arguments when the message contained any of these markers. Under low message relevance, tag questions improved the persuasiveness of message arguments relative to the control condition. These results demonstrate that the effects of linguistic markers of powerlessness are complex and depend on marker type and processing depth.
The Role of Different Markers of Linguistic Powerlessness in Persuasion -- Blankenship and Holtgraves 24 (1): 3 -- Journal of Language and Social Psychology
The Role of Different Markers of Linguistic Powerlessness in Persuasion -- Blankenship and Holtgraves 24 (1): 3 -- Journal of Language and Social Psychology
The Effects of Hedges in Persuasive Arguments: A Nuanced Analysis of Language -- Durik et al. 27 (3): 217 -- Journal of Language and Social Psychology
Drawing together research on persuasion and text comprehension, two experiments test the effects of hedge placement (Experiment 1) and hedge type (Experiment 2) on attitudes, source evaluations, and perceptions of argument strength. Participants read an editorial in support of implementing comprehensive exams at their university. Experiment 1 shows that hedges placed on data statements (and not interpretation statements) lead to negative perceptions of the policy, source, and argument. This is especially pronounced on source evaluations among individuals with more scientific training. Experiment 2 reveals that colloquial, but not professional, hedges placed on interpretation statements lead to more negative evaluations relative to no hedges. Data related to perceptions of the source are moderated by individual differences in scientific reasoning. This research suggests that hedges describing data statements and/or that use colloquial language can, but do not always, undermine persuasive attempts.
The Effects of Hedges in Persuasive Arguments: A Nuanced Analysis of Language -- Durik et al. 27 (3): 217 -- Journal of Language and Social Psychology
The Effects of Hedges in Persuasive Arguments: A Nuanced Analysis of Language -- Durik et al. 27 (3): 217 -- Journal of Language and Social Psychology
ScienceDirect - Journal of Pragmatics : The pragmatic role of textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers in the construction and attainment of persuasion: A cross-linguistic study of newspaper discourse
Abstract
This paper seeks to explore the role that metadiscourse markers play in the construction and attainment of persuasion. In a cross-linguistic perspective, two elite newspapers, the British The Times and the Spanish El País have been chosen, both because of their status and because of the political and rhetorical influence they exert in their respective national cultures. Based on the analysis of the textual and interpersonal markers found in a corpus of 40 opinion columns, 20 written in English and 20 in Spanish, this study aims to identify which metadiscourse categories predominate in this type of newspaper discourse and how they are distributed according to cross-cultural or cross-linguistic preferences. In addition, using a group of informants, this research has attempted to discover how metadiscourse operates as a persuasive mechanism in texts.
Findings suggest that both textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers are present in English and Spanish newspaper columns, but that there are variations as to the distribution and composition of such markers, specifically in the case of certain textual categories (i.e. logical markers and code glosses). Regarding the persuasive effect of metadiscourse, informants were in agreement that a balanced number of both textual and interpersonal markers was necessary to render the text persuasive and reader-oriented.
ScienceDirect - Journal of Pragmatics : The pragmatic role of textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers in the construction and attainment of persuasion: A cross-linguistic study of newspaper discourse
This paper seeks to explore the role that metadiscourse markers play in the construction and attainment of persuasion. In a cross-linguistic perspective, two elite newspapers, the British The Times and the Spanish El País have been chosen, both because of their status and because of the political and rhetorical influence they exert in their respective national cultures. Based on the analysis of the textual and interpersonal markers found in a corpus of 40 opinion columns, 20 written in English and 20 in Spanish, this study aims to identify which metadiscourse categories predominate in this type of newspaper discourse and how they are distributed according to cross-cultural or cross-linguistic preferences. In addition, using a group of informants, this research has attempted to discover how metadiscourse operates as a persuasive mechanism in texts.
Findings suggest that both textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers are present in English and Spanish newspaper columns, but that there are variations as to the distribution and composition of such markers, specifically in the case of certain textual categories (i.e. logical markers and code glosses). Regarding the persuasive effect of metadiscourse, informants were in agreement that a balanced number of both textual and interpersonal markers was necessary to render the text persuasive and reader-oriented.
ScienceDirect - Journal of Pragmatics : The pragmatic role of textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers in the construction and attainment of persuasion: A cross-linguistic study of newspaper discourse
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